INTRODUCTION

Hi teacher Marsella!!! well, the second deadline, is about the introduction, and here it is:
INTRODUCTION

This work is going to talk about the Supernovas, the types of supernovas, their history and the importance for us.
We chose this topic because we think, this is a very relevant topic for us, because one of the explosions of a supernova got place to the solar system , this is the reason why we got live, we breath , we are study now. Besides we like the Astronomy and the geography because it’s exciting to study the planets that are very far away from us.

Well, as we know a supernova is a stellar explosion that creates an extremely luminous object. A supernova causes a burst of radiation that may briefly outshine its entire host galaxy before fading from view over several weeks or months. During this short interval, a supernova can radiate as much energy as the Sun would emit over 10 billion years.

Supernovas fall into two classes: those focused on relatively nearby events and those looking for explosions farther away.

Type A

One model for the formation of this category of supernova is a close binary star system. The larger of the two stars is the first to evolve off the main sequence, and it expands to form a red giant. The two stars now are sharing a common envelope, causing their mutual orbit to shrink.
The giant star then sheds most of its envelope, losing mass until it can no longer continue nuclear fusion. At this point it becomes a white dwarf star, composed primarily of carbon and oxygen. Eventually the secondary star also evolves off the main sequence to form a red giant. Matter from the giant is accreted by the white dwarf, causing the latter to increase in mass.

Type B

These events, like supernovae of Type II, are massive stars running out of fuel at their centers; however the progenitors of Types Ib and Ic have lost most of their outer (hydrogen) envelopes due to strong stellar winds or else from interaction with a companion. Type Ib supernova are thought to be the result of the collapse of a massive Wolf-Rayet star. There is some evidence that a few percent of the Type Ic supernova may be the progenitors of gamma ray bursts(GRB), though it is also believed that any hydrogen-stripped, Type Ib or Ic supernova could be a GRB, dependent upon the geometry of the explosion.


The impact of a supernova on Earth

In Earth's case, gamma rays induce a chemical reaction in the upper atmosphere, converting molecular nitrogen into nitrogen oxides, depleting the ozone layer enough to expose the surface to harmful solar and cosmic radiation. The gamma ray burst from a nearby supernova explosion has been proposed as the cause of the end Ordovician extinction, which resulted in the death of nearly 60% of the oceanic life on Earth.
Well, this is only the introduction of this relevant and interesting topic, you’ll find impressive images of the cycle of the supernovas, later you will check our presentation.

Also in this work you will find the history of the most important supernovas, and the impact that got in the earth.

And this is a little information of Supernovas:Heavyweight Remnant of a SupernovaA neutron Star is the smoking gun at the scene of a Supernova explosion. The inmense presure and heat in the Supernovas iron core at the moment of the explosion create a neutron start by forcing oppositely chargea electrons and protons so close together that they fuse to become neutrons. Inside an iron shell only a few hundred feet thick these neutrons pack together into matter so dense that a single teaspoonful could weigh a billion tons. Though no more than perhaps ten miles in diameter, the neutron star has a gravitational field at its surface 100 billion times as strong as that on the surface of the Earth.The Suepernova explosion that forms a neutron star also expels vast numbers of nearly massless particles called neutrinos, as well as an expanding cloud of dust and gas that can remain visible for thousands of years.

Well, this is our work. See you next class.

Information of Supernovas

Hello teacher Marsella!!!!This week we couldn't work on the Mediateca because it wasn't on service.I worked on my house with Diana and this is our information:The supernovas are heavenly bodies that are on explosion danger. If a supernova explodes with it, can cause the origin of a new start.

The Big Bang was a Supernova that origin the Solar sistem and that is important for us.We will talk about the Solar Sistem origin:When the Universe have just stars and doesn't exist planets, have a big explosion caused for a star. This explosion caused a big cloud of gas and cosmic powder. These materials were joined together to create the planets and their satellites. This formation create the Milk way and the life on the third planet of the Solar Sistem: "the Earth."It's fabolous for us to know that the Earth was a “trash” of the space and then it was the result of a Supernova. We think that the life on the Earth is fantastic and his history is very important for all the people that live in this planet.Well…this could be the introduction of our work and we go to work on a presentation in Power Point.Our bibliography is:O., Monticelli, New Tematic Encyclopaedia, Paraguay, Richards editorial, 7ª edition, 535 pages, 1967.Ríos, Magdalena, Atlas Universal and of México, Mexico DF, Trillas editorial, 96 pages, 2001.Mitchell Beazley Encyclopaedias Limited, The Eartht, Spain, Salvat editorial, 125 pages, 1985.


Content:
A supernova is a stellar explosion that creates an extremely luminous object. A supernova causes a burst of radiation that may briefly outshine its entire host galaxy before fading from view over several weeks or months. During this short interval, a supernova can radiate as much energy as the Sun would emit over 10 billion years.
This is so surprising; can you ever imagine this power that has the supernovas?

The explosion throws materials a velocity of up to a tenth the speed of light, driving a shock wave into the surrounding interstellar medium. This shock wave sweeps up an expanding shell of gas and dust called a supernova remnant.

Several types of supernovae exist that may be triggered in one of two ways, involving either turning off or suddenly turning on the production of energy through nuclear fusion. After the core of an aging massive star ceases to generate energy from nuclear fusion, it may undergo sudden gravitational collapse into a neutron star or black hole, releasing gravitational potential energy that heats and expels the star's outer layers.

Supernova in other galaxies cannot be predicted with any meaningful accuracy. When they are discovered, they are already in progress. Most scientific interest in supernovae—as standard candles for measuring distance, for example—require an observation of their peak luminosity. It is therefore important to discover them well before they reach their maximum. Amateur astronomers, who greatly outnumber professional astronomers, have played an important role in finding supernovae, typically by looking at some of the closer galaxies through an optical telescope and comparing them to earlier photographs.

Supernova searches fall into two classes: those focused on relatively nearby events and those looking for explosions farther away. Because of the expansion of the universe, the distance to a remote object with a known emission spectrum can be estimated by measuring its Doppler shift (or redshift); on average, more distant objects recede with greater velocity than those nearby, and so have a higher redshift. Thus the search is split between high redshift and low redshift, with the boundary falling around a redshift range of z = 0.1–0.3—where z is a dimensionless measure of the spectrum's frequency shift.

Tape A

One model for the formation of this category of supernova is a close binary star system. The larger of the two stars is the first to evolve off the main sequence, and it expands to form a red giant. The two stars now share a common envelope, causing their mutual orbit to shrink. The giant star then sheds most of its envelope, losing mass until it can no longer continue nuclear fusion. At this point it becomes a white dwarf star, composed primarily of carbon and oxygen. Eventually the secondary star also evolves off the main sequence to form a red giant. Matter from the giant is accreted by the white dwarf, causing the latter to increase in mass.

TYPE B

These events, like supernovae of Type II, are probably massive stars running out of fuel at their centers; however, the progenitors of Types Ib and Ic have lost most of their outer (hydrogen) envelopes due to strong stellar winds or else from interaction with a companion. Type Ib supernovae are thought to be the result of the collapse of a massive Wolf-Rayet star. There is some evidence that a few percent of the Type Ic supernovae may be the progenitors of gamma ray bursts (GRB), though it is also believed that any hydrogen-stripped, Type Ib or Ic supernova could be a GRB, dependent upon the geometry of the explosion.
Impact on Earth

A near-Earth supernova is an explosion resulting from the death of a star that occurs close enough to the Earth (roughly fewer than 100 light-years away) to have noticeable effects on its biosphere. Gamma rays are responsible for most of the adverse effects a supernova can have on a living terrestrial planet. In Earth's case, gamma rays induce a chemical reaction in the upper atmosphere, converting molecular nitrogen into nitrogen oxides, depleting the ozone layer enough to expose the surface to harmful solar and cosmic radiation. The gamma ray burst from a nearby supernova explosion has been proposed as the cause of the end Ordovician extinction, which resulted in the death of nearly 60% of the oceanic life on Earth.

Speculation as to the effects of a nearby supernova on Earth often focuses on large stars as Type II supernova candidates. Several prominent stars within a few hundred light years from the Sun are candidates for becoming supernovae in as little as a millennium. One example is Betelgeuse, a red supergiant 427 light-years from Earth. Though spectacular, these "predictable" supernovae are thought to have little potential to affect Earth.

Recent estimates predict that a Type II supernova would have to be closer than eight parsecs (26 light-years) to destroy half of the Earth's ozone layer.Such estimates are mostly concerned with atmospheric modeling and considered only the known radiation flux from SN 1987A, a Type II supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Estimates of the rate of supernova occurrence within 10 parsecs of the Earth vary from once every 100 million years to once every one to ten billion years.

Type Ia supernovae are thought to be potentially the most dangerous if they occur close enough to the Earth. Because Type Ia supernovae arise from dim, common white dwarf stars, it is likely that a supernova that could affect the Earth will occur unpredictably and take place in a star system that is not well studied. One theory suggests that a Type IA supernova would have to be closer than a thousand parsecs (3300 light-years) to affect the Earth.

Opinion:
I think this is an incredible topic, it had a lot of information, and it gave me surprised, of the power of supernovas have, this is incredible.
Well, we want also to make a type of presentation, because the images that we got were annoyed.I think the world of the universe is amazing.

Bibliography:
http://www.astromia.com/glosario/supernova.htm
http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?rss+supernova
http://harvardscience.harvard.edu/search/node/supernovahttp://www.supernovae.net/snimages/snlinks.htmlhttp://www.lacanada.es/Supernovae.htmhttp://www.supernovae.net/snimages/double_sn.htmlhttp://www.astrosurf.com/argetac/sn2.htmhttp://www.dartmouth.edu/~rfesen/snlinks.htmlhttp://sao-www.cfa.harvard.edu/supernova/SNlinks.html

Introduction

Well, here we have a part os the Introduction, that gona be in our work, this is only the start, we have to correct some errors, but this will be.

INTRODUCTION

We choose the topic of Supernova because we think that the universe is another world in which we represent a minimum part of that whole world. The origin of the universe is the most important for us because we live here, so we are going to talk about the Supernovas.
These heavenly bodies are the cause of the live in the Earth because the explosion of the Big Bang was a supernova.

CONTENT

The supernovas are stars in explosion danger that produce a fusion of elements on the interior of the star. The explosion of a supernova can cause a new star. It’s the born of a dark hole...
Although we have to take a book from the library to get more information.

PD: THIS IS ONLY THE START BUT WE HAVE TO CORRECT SOME ERRORS, THIS IS SO LITTLE BECAUSE THERE ARE SMALL FRAGMNETS THAT WE WILL PUT IN OUR PRESENTATION.
WELL THANKS

Let´s Research

The topic that interested to Lupita and to me is the "Supernova".

Well, the pages, that have several links, and I think they can help us with our research are:

http://harvardscience.harvard.edu/search/node/supernova
http://www.supernovae.net/snimages/snlinks.html
http://www.lacanada.es/Supernovae.htm
http://www.supernovae.net/snimages/double_sn.html
http://www.astrosurf.com/argetac/sn2.htm
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rfesen/snlinks.html
http://sao-www.cfa.harvard.edu/supernova/SNlinks.html

Differences between halloween and the day of the deads

Well, in the United States they usually celebrate halloween , in wich, boys and girls wear customes and get candies, but here in Mexico we got the tradition to put an ofrenda un wich we remember our relatives that have gone, in this ofrenda we also put food, candles, bread,water, etc, and it is celebrated in 1st and 2nd of November, many of the people go to cementeries.

Questions

What are the origins of Halloween?
It takes place with the Celtic celebration since 3000 years.

In which place they put the jack-o-lanters?
Were set on porches and in windows to welcome deceased loved ones, but also to act as protection against malevolent spirits.

What was the believes of the Samhai?
It was believed that the souls of the dead were closest to this world and was the best time to contact them to say good bye or ask for assistance.

Who were the creators?
The creation was of the Christian church

From what country are the Irish?
They were from Europe

In which part of America we celebrate the Halloween?
It is celebrated in the United States since 1800´s

Is Halloween related to Satan?
No it isn´t

What are the traditions of the Halloween?
Many children got customs, and get candies, they play, and scare the people.

HALLOWEEN

What day of the month is Halloween?
It is on 31 of October

Why is halloween celebrated?
Well, here in mexico many of us celebrate the two things, but the tradition of Mexico is the day of Deaths, and we use to put and ofrenda, to remember our parents that had leaved us, and we put candles, food, pumpkin, the food that they liked, also we visit the cementaries.
In mexico the children with customs, used to knock doors, to get candies, they want "calaverita".

Can you explain the history of Halloween?
The meaning is All Hallows Eve, or the night before the 'All Hallows', also called 'All Hallowmas', or 'All Saints', or 'All Souls' Day, observed on November 1. The origin of this tradition dates back 3,000 years with the celtic celebration. It was believed that the souls of the dead were closest to this world and was the best time to contact them to say good bye or to say we love them, we remember our loved parents. On this night, glowing jack-o-lanterns, carved from turnips or gourds, were set on porches and in windows to welcome deceased loved ones, but also to act as protection against malevolent spirits.It was a creation of the Christian church.

How is Halloween celebrated in your country?
Here in Mexico we use to visit cementaries, to get an ofrenda in our homes, we put also a photograph of our dead parents, and it is a big tradition, to put candles, to give them light, it seems, like they come to our houses, to eat the food they liked, we remember them.
Many of the people stay at cementaries all night since 31 to 1st or 2nd of november, they visited them.

Do you believe in ghosts?
I believe in spirits, that they have to passed many doors or dimesions, and they are around us.

What makes you afraid of ghosts?
I think that if you got many strange things, and you don´t get the solution, you start keeping afraid ideas, you are scared all time, because you don´t see them.

What are some of the symbols of Halloween?
The customs, pumpkins, witches,deaths,black cats,bad luck, candies,trick or treat, and many thinks of the unreal world.

What kind of costume are you going to wear to the Halloween party?
I´m going to be a black cat.

Is your pumpkin still out ?
Well in Mexico we use to do candy of pumpkin(dulce de calabaza)and we also put it in the ofrenda, or you can make like a lamp, beacuse you can get clean the pumpkin and also put a candle inside.

Are you still eating Halloween candy ?
well, my sister does she share me of her candies, only I got a custom and go to hallowen parties, this is so funny.

Activity
1. The celebration of Samhain used to take two days.True
2. Celtic tribes celebrated the end of summer on October 31st.True False
3. First jack-o-lanterns were carved from turnips.True
4. Jack-o-lanterns were supposed to scare away evil spirits.True
5. Samhain was the festival of satan.False
6. Halloween was celebrated in America long before 1800's.False
7. Irish settlers brought Halloween to America.True
8. The souls of the dead were believed to be closest to this world on October 31st.True
9.Burning twigs were used inside a pumpkin as a source of light.True
10. Samhain meant "Summer's End".True

My partners Work

The last class we chose a topic, in which we have to work, well, this are the comments, for my partners work.

I think the topic that Lupita chose is very interesting, because Cleopatra was one of the most wonderful women in the historyand the life of egipt is very extend, and it is really interesting.

Richie and Alan chose an article of the astronauts, which I think this is one of the most important achievements of the men, the topic was about an expedition with a satellital,in which the astronauts were trying to found life.

Victor chose "Salem Witches" it is a text about women who were killed because the people of the town thought they were a menace, I think this is horrible, but people got many strange ideasand this are the effects.

Fernando Mora chose a topic of handwritting of genius, and he thought he was a genius because he got bad letter, jaja this was funny, he also made a puzzle of family members and a questionary of genious.

Kejikus made a galapagos game, I think this is a creative idea.

work "Women of the Century"

Hi teacher and partners! in this time I made a type of resume in which I explain the most important contributions, of the american women.
Rodríguez Sánchez Diana Ivonne grupo: 411

Women of he Century

I´m going to explain one of the most important topics, of the worl, how women have been fighting for our liberties, and to show to the men that we are the same like them.

For example since 1900 in the United States we can see the first women who envolved in the topic of politic, we are talking about Carrie Chapman Catt who succed Susan B. Anthony.

In 1903 Wilbur Wright made the first airplane fight, this is so important to the society, because of that we can see United States export and import products, so it helped to have a good economical position.

In 1908 we can see we celebrate the women´s day.

In 1913 Alec Paul founded the National Woman’s Party to abolish discrimination against women.
In 1919 the women can vote.
1920´s the women at school
The women enter to schools and start graduating.
In 1928 the women entered in the Olympic game.
Jane admas won the first nobel peace prize in 1931.

In 1932 Hattie Wyatt Caraway of Arkansas becomes the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate.

At 1943 The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League is founded.

Eleanor Roosevelt becomes the nation’s first lady in 1932, forever changing the role of the president’s wife. Here she speaks at a convention in Washington, D.C.

The Andrews Sisters are a popular singing group of the 1940s, with wartime hits such as “Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy.”

In 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus, sparking the Montgomery bus boycott, this was one of the problems who encourages Martin Luther King to began the revolution.

In 1970 was the era of liberation, here the women got better studies and preparation, and got jobs.
In the actually the women has the same rights like the men, women and men got the same opportunities.

The women century

Hi teacher Marsella and parners! I choose the topic of "Women of the century", because it is a very important topic, it seems the evolution in the society it talks about the contributions of women since 100 yers and the life they´ve got, it takes a look of how women didn´t have the same possibilities of men and the same rights, this topic talks about the history of american women and the contributions they made.

In this topic, we can found contributions of women in sports,in artist, in politic facts, etc.
I like very much this topic, becuase I can learned and I am admire of how women have change the thinks the men got.
Because 100 years after the man thought the place of the women was in the hise, now we know, the women have the same posibilities , and now they can desenvolved in a professional way.

In my plan of work I want to made a timeline, it will have only the most important contributions of the american women.
Resource:
http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schooladventures/womenofthecentury/phenomenalwomen/index.html

Answers

Answers
1.-What is the text about?
It is about the new and the last book of Harry Potter,it´s name is Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, it takes a look about how the books of JK Rowling had been maintened the attention of the audience of each book, also it says a general vision of Harry Potter a wizzard who studies at howarts. the books of Harry Potter had been interesting for us because it talks about a world of magic, fantasy, it is also a detective a story like a thriller that envolves adults. And it also talks about the reading, that it has become cool for the children, Amanda Craig that is yhe person that is being interview recomend us books of a new author Phillip Pullman.

2.-Do we know how many books were sold at midnight the day it was published?
No, it only mention that million of boys bought the book, and it is in 93 conuntries, it also has 12 million of copies only in the US.
3.-Who is Amanda Craig? she is an author and she is critisizing thelast book of Harry Potter.

4.-How is fantasy described?
it is a type of fiction featuring imaginary worlds and magical events to be down to something to be the result of something irresistible, that happens in the Harry Potter´s books.

5.-Which two things explain the popularity of the book?
They are plots and it is like a detective story, a thriller and she becomes the magical world seemed real. She envolve young people as adults.

6.- Why JK Rowling books make wonderful films?
JK Rowling is also often praised for being a very cinematic writer which is why her books make wonderful films.
She writes about magic but dhe seemed very real , in a real world.

7.-Why is JKR more respected? she’s probably most respected for encouraging so many millions of young people to read fiction. She’s made them interested in it; she’s ‘turned them on to’ reading. And so now, reading is ‘cooler’ – it’s much more fashionable than it was. She invites to the young people to keep reading a magical story.

8.- Who is Phillip Pullman?
He is a children´s writter,and Amanda Craig recommend us to read his books.

harry potter and the Deathly Hallows

Amber: Hello, I’m Amber and this is bbclearningenglish.com. In Entertainment today, we listen to a review of the seventh, and last, Harry Potter book - Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – which millions of children (and adults) rushed out to buy at midnight on the day it was published simultaneously in 93 countries! It had a print run of 12 million in the US alone! After 10 years of twists and turns in the life of the young wizard, Harry Potter, there’s a final confrontation between Harry and a highly evil character. It’s a dark rollercoaster ride, with Harry on the run most of the time. And if the sales figures are true – this is officially the fastest selling book in history! We’ll hear from the author and book critic Amanda Craig. As soon as she got hold of her copy, she sat on the sofa reading it for ‘6 hours solid’ - she didn’t put it down until she’d finished! So what’s so magical about the Harry Potter books? Well, Amanda Craig has an interesting answer to that question. She quotes JK Rowling who has said she doesn’t really like ‘fantasy’ – that’s a type of fiction featuring imaginary worlds and magical events! (We have the related adjectives ‘fantastic’ and ‘fantastical’ – meaning - not real, strange and imaginary.) Amanda Craig says the world of Harry Potter is so ‘irresistible’ – it’s so overpowering – because of two things. She says it’s a result of – ‘it’s down to’ – two things. Try to catch what they are.Amanda Craig: ‘One of the most interesting things about her is that she’s said that she doesn’t really like fantasy. And in fact, if you look at the way that she’s written it, I think the explanation for why she’d so popular is down to two things – one is that in every book she’s sort of writing a detective story or a thriller, and there’s where adults have got on to the whole series, but the other more interesting thing is she’s actually made the magical world seem real, seem something you could just walk into off Tottenham Court Road, and by doing that she’s also correspondingly made reality more magical, and I think that’s what’s so irresistible about her vision, her … you know, Harry’s whole world that it’s a world in which wizards do have to learn magic, they have to do homework, and that’s really delightful.’Amber: So Amanda Craig explains that she thinks the magical power of the Harry Potter books is down to the exciting stories or plots – every book is like a detective story or thriller. And this is why adults like the books; this is why adults have ‘got on to’ them, why they have become interested in them. And the books make the magical seem real – as real as Tottenham Court Road - a busy road of shops and cafes in central London! And they make the real world seem magical – that is clever isn’t it?Amber: JK Rowling is also often praised for being a very cinematic writer which is why her books make wonderful films. But she’s probably most respected for encouraging so many millions of young people to read fiction. She’s made them interested in it; she’s ‘turned them on to’ reading. And so now, reading is ‘cooler’ – it’s much more fashionable than it was. She’s stopped reading from being ‘killed off’ by computer games and she’s ‘paved the way’, she’s prepared the way, for another great children’s writer! Try to catch his name.Amanda Craig: ‘I think a lot more children have been turned on to reading and reading has become a lot cooler than it was. It was real danger of just being killed off by game boxes and computers and I think – yes! – and she’s paved the way for another really great children’s writer which is Phillip Pullman, who has it all, I think!’Amber: So if you’ve enjoyed the Harry Potter books, try reading Philip Pullman’s stories. Loads of adults think they’re brilliant too! Start with ‘His Dark Materials’… Now let’s recap the language we focussed on. fantasy – a type of fiction featuring imaginary worlds and magical events to be down to something – to be the result of something irresistible – overpowering cooler – more fashionable to be killed off – to be ended paved the way – prepared the way More entertainment news stories and language explanations next time at bbclearningenglish.comANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.1. What is the text about?2. Do we know how many books were sold at midnight the day it was published?3. Who is Amanda Craig?4. How is "fantasy" described?5. Which two things explain the popularity of the book?6. Why JK Rowling books make wonderful films?7. Why is JKR more respected?8. Who is Phillip Pullman?

PRESENTATION

My name is Diana Ivonne Rodriguez Sánchez.I´m 15 years old, I live in Mexico city, my favorite color is green, my favorite sport is football, my favorite artist is rihanna, and I have been studying english since elementary school 2 hours per day and in secondary 5 hours per week.